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Bali Declaration
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Asian Peoples' Movement Against ADB

Koalisi Anti Utang (KAU), Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI), Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi), Solidaritas Perempuan, Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (Jatam), Koalisi Rakyat untuk Keadilan Perikanan (Kiara), Aliansi Petani Indonesia (API), WALHI Bali, LIMAS Bali, PBHI Bali, Frontier, Koalisi Rakyat untuk Hak atas Air (KruHA), La Via Campesina, Friends of the Earth, Jubilee South – Asia Pacific Movement on Debt and Development (JS-APMDD), Seafish, Land Research and Action Network (LRAN), Focus on the Global South, Gerakan Rakyat Lawan Neokolonialisme-Imperialisme (GERAK LAWAN)

Denpasar, 05 May 2009

We, representative of peasants, workers, fisherman, women, human rights defenders, environmentalists, students, civil society movements who join the Asian People’s movement against ADB, gathered in Bali concurrently with the Annual Governors' Meeting of ADB which took place on 2-5 may 2009, assure that ADB will not be the answer to the current crises.
For more than 40 years, we have been witnessing and learning that ADB intervention has created food, energy, financial and social crises. We have been witnessing ADB’s full support to private sector as well as full direction to Indonesian government to follow a system that has been proven failed-free market policies. Therefore, ADB debt projects has only increase the number of the poor people in Asia.


We, the people of Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippine, Thailand, East Timor, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Vietnam, India and Pakistan gather in the Asian Peoples' Summit against ADB in Renon, Bali, Indonesia, to discuss the current crises by the consequences of debt trap and ADB projects in our countries. All of the testimonies in our meeting has consolidated our voices and demand for:


Firstly, debt cancellation to ADB’s projects that are not only illegal, but also deepen debt trap. It has absorbed 20-30% state budget to pay instalment and interest that. As the consequences, our countries must cut social spending, food sovereignty, environment protection that lately create systemic impoverishment to majority of people.

Secondly, we oppose all ADB effort to privatise food, seeds, water, land, energy, marine and coastal, and social spending in Asia. Such effort will close peoples' access and control to their sources of lives and burdening people with higher living cost.

Thirdly, we condemn ADB support to private sector which has strengthen corporation monopoly to energy, fishery, agriculture and natural resource. It only increase deindustrialization, plundering state-owned enterprises and peoples' rights.

Fourthly, we oppose ADB project that has deliberately support project which has damaged environment, created social injustice, and human rights violation. Those activities will harm the peoples' sovereignty; impoverish peasants, fisher folks and especially women.

Therefore, we pledge to cooperate with communities who had become victim of ADB project in Asia to determine fair and sustainable alternative funds and alternative economy. We have proven that the sovereignty of peasants, fisher folks, indigenous people to manage their sources of living are the key to answer the crisis in Asia. We
believe that strengthening social modalities and peoples' control to natural resources are the answer to overcome the current crises.

Therefore, we propose our alternatives such as follows:
1. An economic paradigm which not only targeting economic growth but also targeting fair and equal distribution. Economic development must guarantee distribution of welfare to majority of the people.
- Transforming market economic system to solidarity economic which
will be implemented in distribution of welfare
- Opposing model of poverty eradication and residual approach model like Direct Cash Aids, National Program for Self-help Community. We support peoples' empowerment and transform it into “local institutional financial system” which not valued by money.

2. Mining Practitioners and designer in policy making in most countries never see the research object as derivative problem of complex social-ecological process. There should be essential changes, which put the context of ecological and social crisis that come with the policy making. The mobilisation of primary energy resource and its consumption should reach economic and theoritical domain. Macro economic and its change should not be the based or become exogenic element in supply model, but treated as the object which to be affected by the energy production and consumption.

3. Peoples' food sovereignty as it was redressed by La Via campasina in 1996 is a truly solution to overcome the food crisis. Food production in local and agroecology model based on family farming together with the development of local finance and a cooperative (people economic enterprises) will foster local economy, in particularly in rural area. Food sovereignty includes people’s rights to produce, distribute, and food
consumption. Food sovereignty is not against trade. However, trade must be based on solidarity of producer and consumer.

We, people of Asia hereby declaring that we are able to conduct those alternatives. In fact, so far, those alternatives have been applied in our daily struggle and organization. Government, public, international community and financial institution must learn from people’s movement on how to create bottom-up alternatives which are sustainable both for the humankind and the planet Earth.

We call the people, particularly Asian people, as well as the people of the world, to build solidarity and strengthen economic sovereignty to contest all economic colonialization as promoted by financial institutions like ADB.

May 17, 2009 | 9:42 PM Comments  0 comments

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Challenge to the G8 Government
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

The gathering of the most powerful countries of the world is an occasion for the people of the world to demand that this G8 Summit address the twin 'tsunamis' that plague humanity today – the food and climate crisis – and the continuing problem of Debt that has contributed significantly to these two crises and exacerbate their impacts.

The Injustice of the Debt Burden and the problem of Illegitimate Debts

The payment of huge amounts of debt service amplifies the effects of the food and climate crises and hampers the ability of countries and peoples of the South to deal with these crises. This is part of the injustice of the debt and for this alone debt cancellation is urgent.

But the debt is more than just the problem of losing much needed resources to debt payments. Debts which were used for harmful projects or to impose harmful conditionalities such as those which contributed to the food and climate crises -- these are illegitimate debts and should not be paid.

The Food Crisis

The high price of oil, worsening climate conditions and price manipulation by domestic and international trading cartels and speculators have certainly contributed significantly to the abrupt, massive increase in the prices of food. But the food crisis can be also be traced to economic policies that have been imposed on the countries of the South for decades, with the use of debt, access to credit and debt relief as instruments for coercion.

The combination of several policies that have been part of conditionality packages of the IMF and World Bank have resulted in falling productivity in basic food agriculture, steep increase in the costs of food production, the huge reduction in land used for producing staple food for domestic consumption, and less sustainable agricultural practices.

Fiscal and monetary conditionalities included the removal of state subsidies for production of basic food crops and reduction in spending for public infrastructures such as irrigation systems. Prescriptions for export-oriented high growth economic strategies led to heavy reliance on expensive imported fertilizers and pesticides, massive shifts to non-staple and non-food export crops, and the conversion of agricultural lands to export processing zones. Liberalization of trade gave rise to unfair competition from subsidized food products from the north. Liberalization of finance capital further fueled real estate industries, expanding land use conversion from production of food to private housing estates, golf courses and resorts. The privatization of public services and utilities also meant greater cost of food production and distribution.

In addition, the effects of huge debt payment on government resources include the deterioration and neglect of many public infrastructures needed to boost agricultural production, such as irrigation systems, and farm to market roads.

The ability of many countries of the South, from Asia to Africa to Latin America and the Caribbean, to produce sufficiently for their own food needs and keep prices accessible to the domestic market have thus been steadily and dramatically eroding since the 1980's. This is shown by the significant increase in the number of net food importing countries in the past two decades, the diminishing capability to maintain adequate buffer stocks of staple grains, and the increasing vulnerability to world food market supply and price dynamics.

Small farmers and landless peasants have had no real benefits from the spiraling increases in of food prices, as farm gate prices continue to be low. It is the trading cartels and speculators that have been generating big profits.

The G8 governments bear primary responsibility for the debt burden and the debt-related policy conditionalities that contributed to the food crisis and magnify its impacts. They are the biggest bilateral lenders and the most influential members of international financial institutions. They should act immediately and decisively for the cancellation of all illegitimate debts. The imposition of conditionalities through loans debt and debt cancellation must stop. The G8 governments and the international financial institutions should respect the action of Southern countries to reverse the policies that have led to the food crisis.

The G8 governments also share responsibility for other factors behind the crisis -- as governments of countries which are home to the biggest multinational food corporations and food commodities speculators, and as powerful governments shaping bilateral and multilateral trade agreements affecting food. The G8 governments should regulate their predatory corporations and investors, ban speculation on food commodities, and stop pushing unfair trade agreements.

The Climate Crisis

The G8 governments also bear primary responsibility for the climate crisis. Half of the world's green house gas emissions come from the G8 countries. Most, if not all, of the G8 countries are lagging behind the reduction targets of GHG emissions. Even the European Union, with its bold plan of being the first de-carbonized economy in the world, has undermined its own claims by planning to build 40 major new coal power plants in the next five years.

And again, as the most powerful members of international financial institutions, they are accountable for debt-related projects and policies that exacerbate the climate crisis.

The World Bank and the regional development banks are major lenders to projects involving fossil fuel industries, paid for by peoples of the South. The Export Credit Agencies of G8 countries also provide financing to these industries, part of which translates to liabilities of Southern governments, again paid for by peoples of the South.

Since the signing of the Climate Convention in 1992, and even after instituting "environmental policies," the World Bank approved more than 133 financial packages to oil, coal and gas extraction projects, comprising mainly of loans but also including equity investments, guarantees and some grants. The total amount exceeds US$28 billion dollars. Fossil fuel corporations based in G8 countries benefit from almost every project finance package. The International Finance Corporation of the World Bank is increasing its fossil fuel lending portfolio. The Asian Development Bank, to which Japan and the United States are the biggest shareholders, is a major lender to coal, oil and gas projects in Asia, approving close to US$2 billion worth of loan packages since the year 2000.

Other loan-financed projects and policy conditionalities of international financial institutions have led to massive deforestation, another major factor to climate change. These include, for instance, the building of large-scale dams, road development in tropical forests, and the promotion of palm oil production for export.

It is indeed ironic and deplorable that with such a record, the G8 governments is granting the World Bank a pre-eminent role in global financing of climate mitigation and adaptation and the promotion of "clean technology" and "clean development." In the July 2005 Summit, the G8 declared that the "The World Bank will take a leadership role in creating a new framework for clean energy and development, including investment and financing." The regional development banks are also claiming a similar role for themselves.

The World Bank announced recently that it will establish Climate Investment Funds (CIFs). Aside from the obvious inappropriateness of the World Bank as manager of these Funds given its role in worsening the climate crisis, the concepts, design and intentions of the funds are seriously flawed.

The G8 governments are not only promoting false solutions through the different facilities under the auspices of these international financial institutions, they are intending to finance these through loans, thus adding to the debt burden of developing countries. The UK government has been leading the call for other governments to contribute to funds to be administered by the World Bank as loans.

Instead of extending loans for climate mitigation and adaptation – the G8 governments should begin with the recognition of the huge ecological debt that they owe the countries and peoples of the South. They should finance climate mitigation and adaption in the South as part of restitution and reparations for the environmental damage and destruction their policies and programs, their economies and corporations have caused. These funds should be managed by democratic and accountable institutions.

Calls and Demands

We urge all people's organizations and movements (labor, farmers, women, youth and indigenous peoples), faith-based organizations, social and political movements and all concerned citizens to challenge the governments of the G8 countries to acknowledge their responsibility for the food and climate crises and the continuing problem of debt, and take decisive action to:

1. Cancel all illegitimate debt.
2. Stop financing projects and policies that contribute to climate change
3. Respect the efforts of South countries to reverse the harmful policies that have led to the food crisis.
4. Ban speculation on food prices.
5. End the practice of using loans and debt cancellation to impose conditionalities.
6. Pay restitution and reparations for the huge ecological debts owed to the South.
7. Facilitate the return of stolen assets kept in the banks in the G8 countries.



Signatories:

INTERNATIONAL and REGIONAL NETWORKS and ORGANIZATIONS

JUBILEE SOUTH
European Network on Debt and Development (EURODAD)
CADTM International
JS – Asia/Pacific Movement on Debt and Development
Africa Jubilee South
Jubileo Sur Americas
AFRODAD
LATINDADD
Least Developed Country (LDC) Watch
South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE)

Southern Peoples Ecological Debt Creditors Alliance
Migrant Forum in Asia
EUROSTEP
OilChange International
Platform of Filipino Migrant Organisations in Europe (Platform Europe)
Asia Pacific Network for Food Sovereignty (APNFS)

NATIONAL NETWORKS and ORGANIZATIONS

Freedom from Debt Coalition (FDC) – Philippines
KALAYAAN! (Movement for People's Freedom) - Philippines
Solidarity of Filipino Workers (Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino) - Philippines
Bisig - Philippines
Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement - Philippines
Aniban ng Manggagawa sa Agrikultura`(Union of Agricultural Workers)-Philippines
Resource Center for Sustainable Development (GITIB) - Philippines
Center for Migrant Advocacy - Philippines
Task Force Food Sovereignty (TFFS) Philippines
Anti Debt Coalition (KAU) - Indonesia

Nadi - Indonesia
Institute for Essential Services Reform – Indonesia
Anjuman Asiaye Awam – Pakistan
Monitoring Sustainability of Globalization - Malaysia
NUBE - Malaysia
Luta Hamutuk Institute - East Timor
Centre for Human Rights and Development – Mongolia
Rural Reconstruction Nepal
NGO Federation of Nepal
Equity & Justice Working Group - Bangladesh

Unnayan Onneshan - Bangladesh
Community Development Library- Bangladesh
Jatiyo Sramik Jote - Bangladesh
Anjuman Asiaye Awam - Pakistan
Indian Social Action Forum (INSAF) - India
Alternatives Asia - India
Centre for Education and Communication - India
People´s Union for Civil Liberties - India
Narmada Bachao Andolan - India
Campaign for Judicial Accountability - India

Gender, Livelihoods and ResourcesForum - India
Bihar Social Institute - India
ALternatives/Badayl- India
Intercultural Resource - India
National Centre for Dalit Human Rights, india
African Forum on Alternatives - Senegal
Daughters of Mumbi Global Resource Center - Kenya
Center for Promotion of Economic and Social Alternatives - Cameroon
Umzabalazo We Jubilee - South Africa
Jubilee South Africa

Jubileo Peru
Dialogo 2000 Argentina
PAPDA Haiti
Jubilee USA Network - USA
Sustainable Energy & Economy Network - USA
Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns - USA
Washington Office of Public Policy, Women's Division, United Methodist Church - USA
Center for Third World Organizing - USA
Global Exchange - USA
Medical Mission Sister's Alliance for Justice - USA

Gender Action - USA
Jubilee Debt Campaign – UK
Jubilee Scotland
"¿Quien debe a Quién?" Campaign – Spain
Observatorio de la Deuda en la Globalización – Spain
Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale (CRBM) - Italy
CADI (Comitato Antirazzista Durban Italia) - Italy
Norwegian Coalition for Debt Cancellation (SLUG) - Norway
11.11.11. - Coalition of the Flemish North-South Movement - Belgium
Debt and Development Coalition - Ireland

Halifax Initiative Coalition - Canada
ATTAC - France
Commission for Filipino Migrant Workers (CFMW) - The Netherlands
Jubilee Australia
Jubilee Kyushu - Japan
Jubilee Kansai Network - JapanATTAC Japan
Society of St Columban - Japan
Japan Network on Debt & Poverty
Food Policy Center Vision21 - Japan
Kansai Action Center on Philippine Human Rights Issues - Japan

ATTAC Hokkaido - Japan
ATTAC Kyoto - Japan
ATTAC Kansai Group, Japan
Altermonde - Japan
Yokohama Action Research Center - Japan
Solidarity Network Migrants Japan
Global Peace and Alternative Media - Japan
Lencaena Communication Japonesia - Japan
KALAKASAN Empowerment Center - Japan

INDIVIDUALS

Eisuke Naramoto, Japan
Hidenori Ao - Japan
Hiroshi Yamashita, Japan
GATA Kazumasa -Japan
Kalyani Menon Sen, India
Kazue Tanaka – Japan
Miki Fujimori - Japan
Mikiko Okiyama - Japan
Mituko Ogawa - Japan
Miyow Ogawa - Japan

Muto Ichiyo - Japan
Naomi Horihama - Japan
Makie Hatori - Japan
Nomura Osami - Japan
Okuno Takumi - Japan
Shigeki KONNO - Japan
Shindi Inoue - Japan
Tadashi SETTSU (PAFF) - Japan
Watanabe Michie - Japan
Yasue Tanaka - Japan

Yukio Gibo – Japan
Rie Kawahito - Japan
Yasuaki Matsumoto, Palestine Solidarity in Sapporo - Japan
Misako Ogawa, Kagoshima City Council Member - Japan
Takaaki Osato, Midori Fukuoka - Japan
Takako Nobuhara - Japan
Sachiyo Tanahashi - Japan
Naoko Ishioroshi - Japan
Yukio Giho, Okinawa Peace Memorial Museum - Japan
Takaaki Hashino, Japan Christian Organization - Japan

Bieniada Yerzy
Manfred Bergmann - Italy
Noel Cabangon - Philippines
Medha Patkar, Narmada Bachao Andolan - India
Ambrish Rai, Lok Sangharsh Morcha - India
Kavita Srivastava, People´s Union for Civil Liberties, Rjasthan - India
Prashant Bhushan, Campaign for Judicial Accountability - India
Praveer Peter, Gender, Livelihoods and ResourcesForum - India
Anil Sadgopal - India
Prakash Louis, Bihar Social Institute - India

Ranjan Soloman, ALTERNATIVES/BADAYL - India
Sauquat Hussain - India
Smitu Kothari, Intercultural Resource - India
Vincent,National Centre for Dalit Human Rights - India

July 8, 2008 | 2:50 PM Comments  0 comments

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Pendidikan dalam pusaran neoliberal

Secara Filisofis pendidikan bertujuan untuk mendorong kebebasan pemikiran terhadap apa yang disebut sebagai kebenaran, berdimensi moral dan mendorong seseorang untuk menemukan jati diri kemanusiaanya. Dalam konteks negara berkembang terutama negara-negara korban kolonialisme pendidikan tidak hanya sekedar bertujuan seperti yang disebutkan diatas namun pendidikan juga berperan mendorong tumbuhnya kemandirian sebagai sebuah bangsa dalam konteks ekonomi, budaya, teknologi dan keilmuan. Pendidikan juga merupakan alat mobilisasi sosial bagi golongan miskin yang terpinggirkan. Oleh karena itulah pendidikan mempunyai peran penting dan menjadi salah satu kewajiban negara untuk memenuhinya.

Hak warga negara untuk memperoleh pendidikan tersebut dijamin oleh konstitusi sebagaiman disebut dalam pasal 31 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, yang mengaruskan negara memenuhi kewajiban untuk menjamin setiap warga negara mendapatkan pendidikan. Kewajiban tersebut diturunkan dalam kebijakan anggaran negara (APBN), dengan patokan 20% dari total anggaran dan belanja negara harus dialokasikan untuk membiayai pendidikan dari tingkat dasar sampai pendidikan tinggi. Namun ironisnya pemerintahan pasca reformasi tidak juga melaksanakan amanah konstitusi ini, hal ini terbukti dengan realisasi anggaran pendidikan dari beberapa rezim sejak Habibie sampai SBY yang tidak pernah pernah mencapai 20% dari total anggaran pemerintah.

Hal ini disebabkan karena rumus Washington Concensus benar-benar dipatuhi oleh elit pemerintahan negeri ini.resep seperti privatisasi, deregulasi dan pengurangan subsidi, dijalankan dengan seksama bahkan pada hal yang paling detail sekalipun. Akibatnya pengeluaran APBN untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sosial termasuk pendidikan dianaktirikan dibandingkan dengan alokasi untuk infrastruktur maupun faktor penunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi yang lain.

Dalam laporan terbaru Bank Dunia yang berjudul Investing In Indonesia’s Education allocation, equity, and efficiency of public Expenditures. Menyebutkan dengan jelas mandat konstitusi untuk memenuhi 20% anggaran pendidikan adalah tidak realistis dan problematis. Bank dunia mempertegas lagi bahwa hal tersebut hampir tidak mungkin, apalagi harus ditambah dengan alokasi anggaran untuk gaji guru. Yang mengakibatkan peningkatan alokasi anggaran (termasuk gaji guru) menjadi 45% dari total anggaran pemerintah [2].

Pandangan Bank Dunia tersebut mementahkan dengan gampangnya apa yang menjadi amanat konstitusi, acuan hukum tertinggi dalam hidup bernegara. Meskipun sudah jelas Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan bahwa APBN-P 2006 telah melangggar konstitusi karena tidak mengalokasikan 20% anggaran untuk pendidikan.Hal yang sama diulangi oleh pemerintah dengan hanya mengalokasikan 11% anggaran pendidikan dalam APBN 2007, jauh dari yang di mandatkan konstitusi. Putusan mahkamah konstitusi yang terakhir terkait anggaran pendidikan juga menyatakan bahwa APBN 2007 melanggar konstitusi karena tidak memenuhi 20% anggaran pendidkan [3].

Paradoksnya, hampir setiap tahun anggaran negara harus terkuras untuk membayar cicilan pokok dan bunga utang yang mencapai 30% dari total anggaran. Beban utang yang menumpuk tersebut telah mengakibatkan net negative transfer dimana utang baru jumlahnya selalu lebih kecil dari beban utang yang harus dibayar setiap tahun. Akibatnya hampir 50% pendapatan domestik yang diperoleh sebagian besar dari pajak tersedot untuk membayar utang. Bukankah hal ini lebih problematis dan tidak realistis dari 20% anggaran untuk pendidikan yang memang diperuntukkan untuk mencerdaskan anak bangsa?

Terlebih beban utang yang harus ditanggung oleh rakyat lewat pembayaran pajak adalah utang haram (odious debt) warisan rezim orde baru yang despotik dan korup. Apalagi utang tersebut digunakan sebagai bahan bakar beroperasinya mesin penindasan terhadap rakyat semasa Soeharto berkuasa. Alih-alih melakukan langkah progresif untuk membebaskan rakyat dari beban utang luar negeri pemerintahan pasca reformasi semakin menyempurnakan integrasi pendidikan dengan kepentingan kapitalisme global seperti yang di inginkan oleh WTO. Beiringan dengan mengucurnya utang dari lembaga kreditor seperti IMF, ADB dan Bank Dunia.

Liberalisasi pendidikan, terutama pendidikan tinggi merupakan salah satu agenda utama yang didesakkan oleh lembaga seperti WTO (World Trade organization) organisasi perdagangan dunia yang ingin mengintegrasikan system perdagangan dengan kapitalisme global. Menurut pandangan WTO pendidikan termasuk kedalam jasa yang dapat diperdagangkan atau yang disebut GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services), artinya pendidikan harus diliberalkan agar modal swasta dapat masuk atau menanamkan investasi dalam dunia pendidikan terutama pendidikan tinggi. Hal ini merendahkan esensi pendidikan yang hanya dimaknai sebagai mekanisme bisnis jasa semata, selain itu tanpa adanya proteksi dari negara terhadap dunia pendidikan maka budaya bangsa sebagai elemen penting dalam sistem pendidikan akan tercerabut di tengah dominasi budaya global. Terlebih masuknya investasi dalam dunia pendidikan menjadikan jarak (gap) antara miskin dan kaya akan semakin jauh. Karena jasa terbaik hanya diberikan pada mereka yang paling banyak memiliki uang.

WTO telah mengidentifikasi empat mode penyediaan jasa pendidikan sebagai berikut: (1) Cross-border supply, institusi pendidikan tinggi luar negeri menawarkan kuliah-kuliah melalui internet dan online degree program, atau mode 1; (2) Consumtion abroad, adalah bentuk penyediaan jasa pendidikan tinggi yang paling dominan, mahasiswa belajar di perguruan tinggi luar negeri, disebut mode2; (3) Commercial presence, atau kehadiran perguruan tinggi luar negeri dengan membentuk partnership, subsidiary, twinning arrangement dengan perguruan tinggi lokal, atau mode 3; (4) Presence of natural persons, dosen atau pengajar asing mengajar pada lembaga pendidikan lokal, atau mode 4. Liberalisasi perguruan tinggi menuju perdagangan bebas jasa yang dipromosikan oleh WTO adalah untuk mendorong agar pemerintah negara-negara anggota tidak menghambat empat mode penyediaan jasa tersebut dengan kebijakan-kebijakan intervensionis [4].

Ancaman terhadap dunia pendidikan tinggi tidak hanya terjadi karena disebabkan WTO namun dibeberapa negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Liberalisasi tersebut telah seiring dengan mengucurnya utang luar negeri. Program-program liberalisasi pendidikan tinggi telah didanai oleh lembaga-lembaga kreditor multilateral seperti Bank Dunia dan ADB. Mereka telah melancarkan program tersebut bahkan pada saat masuknya pendidikan dalam GATS masih jadi perdebatan.

Peran Bank Dunia dalam liberalisasi Pendidikan Tinggi

Peran bank dunia dalam liberalisasi dimulai ketika beberapa lembaga kreditor multilateral menyelenggarakan konferensi tentang pendidikan tinggi di negara berkembang tahun 2000, konferensi itu dihadiri juga oleh dirjen DIKTI Satryo Soemantri Brodjonegoro. Konferensi tersebut menghasilkan dokumen yang berjudul “Higher Education in Developing Countries Peril and Promise” merekomendasikan kepada negara berkembang untuk melibatkan swasta dalam pembiayaan pendidkan tinggi. Beberapa alasan yang dikemukakan Bank Dunia terhadap rekomendasi itu antara lain untuk mengurangi anggaran pemerintah untuk membiayai pendidikan dengan membagi beban itu pada pihak swasta. Selain itu keterlibatan swasta dalam pembiayaan pendidikan tinggi akan mengintegrasikan output pendidikan dengan kebutuhan pasar. Kedua untuk menjamin keterlibatan swasta tersebut perlu adanya jaminan hukum. Jaminan hukum tersebut harus mampu menggaransi keterlibatan swasta dalam pendidikan tinggi dan juga sinergi antara kebijakan nasional dan daerah [5]. Dalam konteks ini perubahan status pendidikan tinggi menjadi BHP (Badan Hukum Pendidikan) adalah realisasi dari rekomendasi tersebut.

Untuk memperlancar implementasi dari rekomendasi konferensi tersebut Bank Dunia mengucurkan utang kepada pemerintah Indonesia. Utang sebesar $US 114.54 Juta tersebut digunakan untuk membiayai program Indonesia Managing Higher Education for Relevance and Efficiency (IMHERE). Utang tersebut disepakati pada Juni 2005 dan berakhir pada Juni 2011.Program IMHERE bertujuan untuk mewujudkan otonomi perguruan tinggi, efisiensi dan relevansi perguruan tinggi dengan kebutuhan pasar. Program ini dibagi beberapa komponen, Komponen pertama adalah mendukung implementasi rencana jangka panjang pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia dengan mendukung adanya regulasi kebijakan terkait pendidikan tinggi (BHP), reformasi birokrasi internal Dirjen DIKTI dan Badan Akreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi (BAN-PT) serta revitalisasi strategi mewujudkan Universitas Terbuka. Komponen kedua Peningkatan Kualitas pendidikan Tinggi melalui mekanisme Investasi atau pelibatan swasta dalam pembiayaan pendidikan, selain itu juga membiayai hibah kompetisi dan Universitas yang menginginkan otonomi (BHMN) [6].Hal ini memberikan gambaran bagaimana kebijakan pendidikan termasuk pembuatan regulasi terkait dengan pendidikan tinggi ternyata dibiayai oleh utang dari lembaga kreditor.

Terlibatnya lembaga kreditor tersebut menyiratkan kepentingan terselubung terkait dengan liberalisasi pendidikan. Jika dilihat dari tujuan yang dibuat IMHERE utang yang diberikan Bank Dunia tersebut merupakan alat untuk mengintervensi kebijakan pemerintah terkait dengan pendidikan tinggi yang tidak lain adalah untuk meliberalasi pendidikan di Indonesia. Hibah yang diberikan misalnya, hanya sebagai kedok karena hibah tidak akan diberikan jika pemerintah tidak berutang pada lembaga kreditor terlebih utang selalu lebih besar dari hibah yang diberikan. Dalam draft perjanjian utang antara pemerintah Indonesia dan Bank Dunia juga disebutkan dengan jelas bahwa salah satu indicator keberhasilan program tersebut adalah diloloskannya Undang-Undang tentang Badan Hukum Pendidikan (BHP) pada tahun 2010 [7]. Bukankah ini hal yang ironis sebagai bangsa yang merdeka namun dalam pembuatan kebijakan publik tidak lepas dari intervensi lembaga kreditor.

Ada 6 alasan mengapa Bank Dunia harus dijauhkan dari pendidikan, menurut Katarina Tomasevski Bank Dunia menyusun rencana pendidikan yang sifatnya bottom up dan bersifat global hal ini terbukti dengan desain global pendidikan tinggi yang tertuang dalam dokumen yang berjudul “Higher Education in Developing Countries Peril and Promise”.Strategi global tersebut adalah upaya untuk mengintegrasikan pendidikan dengan pasar (kapitalisme global) yang melancarkan penghisapan negara maju terhadap negara berkembang. Kedua Bank Dunia merubah pendidikan yang seharusnya menjadi hak warga negara dan didapatkan secara gratis menjadi barang yang mahal untuk diperoleh bagi orang miskin. Ketiga definisi hak warga negara untuk memperoleh pendidikan harus diukur dengan berapa uang yang dimiliki. Keempat Bank Dunia telah gagal dalam program pendidikannya dinegara lain. Kelima Bank Dunia telah melakukan kejahatan kemanusiaan dengan menjerat negara berkembang dengan beban utang luar negeri sehingga pemerintah negara tersebut (termasuk Indonesia) tidak mampu memenuhi anggaran untuk kebutuhan social terutama pendidikan. Keenam Bank Dunia selalu menggunakan asumsi dan bukan realitas yang terjadi dalam merumuskan kebijakan. Beberapa hal tersebut seharusnya menjadi pertimbangan bagi pemerintah untuk melepaskan diri dari intervensi kebijakan lembaga Kreditor terutama Bank Dunia.

Langkah pemerintah untuk melepaskan diri dari jerat Bank Dunia, salah satunya adalah dengan mendesak penghapusan utang sehingga pemerintah mempunyai kecukupan dana untuk membiayai kebutuhan sosial rakyat termasuk memenuhi 20% anggran pendidikan dalam APBN. Perilaku pemerintah yang menggantungkan pembiayaan pembangunan dari utang luar negeri tidak hanya akan menambah beban utang namun juga rentan terhadap intervensi kebijakan oleh kreditor . Akhirnya pemerintah harus menentukan prioritas dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan nasional. Akan terus patuh pada dogma neoliberal dengan mempercayakan pada analisa kebijakan Bank Dunia dan lembaga kreditor lain yang bias kepentingan, atau memilih untuk memenuhi komitmen mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Caranya dengan memenuhi 20% anggaran pendidikan, tidak bisa tidak.


Yuyun Harmono
Outreach Koalisi Anti Utang
Emai: harmono@gmail.com


June 14, 2007 | 6:38 AM Comments  0 comments

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